


The return of Donald Trump to the White House has reshaped the global trade environment in ways not seen since the tariff battles of 2018–2019. The return of Donald Trump to the White House has reshaped global trade in ways not seen since the tariff battles of 2018–2019. The administration has leaned fully into an “America First” tariff strategy:
Congress is now openly testing how far this approach can go (for example, the Senate’s Oct 28, 2025 vote to roll back Brazil tariffs), and U.S. allies are preparing countermeasures of their own.
For businesses engaged in cross-border trade, staying ahead of these developments is not just about compliance — it is about survival. This tracker consolidates all major tariff actions through 29 Oct 2025. It blends narrative, tables, and sector notes so trade, sourcing, compliance, and logistics teams can see what is already in force, what is merely announced, and what is being challenged in court or in Congress.
| Country / Scope | Type & Status | Ad Valorem Rate | Exemptions & Notes | Announced Countermeasures |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All (baseline) | Reciprocal – Implemented (effective Apr 5, 2025; amended Jun 16, 2025) | 10% baseline | Legal status: Multiple federal courts have ruled that these IEEPA-based “reciprocal” tariffs exceed presidential authority. Enforcement continues only because the rulings are stayed while the Supreme Court hears the consolidated challenges in early November 2025. | N/A |
| All (transshipment) | Transshipment penalty – Implemented (effective Aug 7, 2025) | 40% | Applies in lieu of baseline or country-specific rate. This penalty rate is also tied to IEEPA emergency authority and is part of the same Supreme Court challenge described above. | N/A |
| China | Country-specific tariff – currently capped around 30% under the U.S.–China “truce” framework first reached May 12, 2025 and repeatedly extended (most recently into November 2025) | ~30% headline rate on most Chinese goods under the truce; China agreed to hold its own retaliatory tariff near 10% on U.S. exports during this period. | On Oct 10, 2025, the Administration said it intends to impose an additional 100% tariff on essentially all Chinese imports starting Nov 1, 2025 “or sooner,” and threatened new export controls on critical U.S.-made software. That across-the-board 100% tariff is still an announced policy, not yet fully implemented in the Federal Register as of 29 Oct 2025. Separately, USTR finalized 100% duties on China-linked ship-to-shore cranes, intermodal chassis, and certain cargo-handling gear, effective in early November 2025, under Section 301 focused on maritime/logistics national security. | Ongoing reciprocal measures |
| India | Country-specific tariff – Implemented (announced Apr 9, 2025; effective Aug 7, 2025 (after postponements)) | 50% | — | Countermeasures under review |
| European Union | European Union – Country-specific tariff – Implemented (announced Apr 9, 2025; effective Aug 7, 2025; updated Oct 7, 2025) | Up to 50% | On Oct 7, 2025, the European Commission proposed slashing tariff-free steel import quotas by ~47% and doubling out-of-quota steel tariffs from 25% to 50%, aligning EU defenses with U.S. metal protectionism. This proposal alarmed UK and other exporters, who warned of an “existential threat” to their steel sectors; final EU implementation is projected for mid-2026 (July 1, 2026) but is not yet in force. UK exporters say they could be hit even harder if Brussels keeps the full 50% rate without a carve-out. | Possible retaliation; UK exports may face additional impact |
| United Kingdom | Country-specific tariff – Implemented (announced Apr 9, 2025; effective Aug 7, 2025 (after postponements)) | Varies | Section 232 exemptions on certain steel/aluminum | Retaliatory measures possible |
| Mexico | Country-specific tariff – Implemented (effective Feb 1, 2025) | 25% (10% on energy & potash; 0% if USMCA-compliant) | USMCA-compliant goods exempt | — |
| Canada | Country-specific tariff – Implemented (effective Feb 1, 2025) | 25% | USMCA-compliant goods may be exempt | — |
| Japan | Country-specific tariff – Implemented (announced Apr 9, 2025; effective Aug 7, 2025 (after postponements)) | 15% | — | — |
| South Korea | Country-specific tariff – Implemented (announced Apr 9, 2025; effective Aug 7, 2025 (after postponements)) | 15% | — | — |
| Taiwan | Country-specific tariff – Implemented (announced Apr 9, 2025; effective Aug 7, 2025 (after postponements)) | 20% | — | — |
| Vietnam | Country-specific tariff – Implemented (announced Apr 9, 2025; effective Aug 7, 2025 (after postponements)) | 20% | — | — |
| Indonesia | Country-specific tariff – Implemented (announced Apr 9, 2025; effective Aug 7, 2025 (after postponements)) | 19% | — | — |
| Thailand | Country-specific tariff – Implemented (announced Apr 9, 2025; effective Aug 7, 2025 (after postponements)) | 19% | — | — |
| Israel | Country-specific tariff – Implemented (announced Apr 9, 2025; effective Aug 7, 2025 (after postponements)) | 15% | — | — |
| Brazil | Country-specific tariff – Implemented via emergency order (Executive Order 14323); currently includes a punitive ~40–50% tariff on key Brazilian imports (beef, coffee, orange juice, etc.) that took effect in early August 2025. | Up to 50% on many covered Brazilian products. | On Oct 28, 2025, the U.S. Senate voted 52–48 to rescind these Brazil tariffs, arguing they were politically motivated and harmful to U.S. buyers. Five Republicans joined Democrats. The resolution is unlikely to move in the House or survive a presidential veto, so Brazil tariffs remain in force as of 29 Oct 2025, but Congress is clearly signaling bipartisan discomfort with this tariff authority. | None announced |
| Turkey | Country-specific tariff – Implemented (announced Apr 9, 2025; effective Aug 7, 2025 (after postponements)) | 10% | Baseline applies | — |
| Bangladesh | Country-specific tariff – Implemented (announced Apr 9, 2025; effective Aug 7, 2025 (after postponements)) | 20% | — | — |
| Cambodia | Country-specific tariff – Implemented (announced Apr 9, 2025; effective Aug 7, 2025 (after postponements)) | 19% | — | — |
| Iraq | Country-specific tariff – Implemented (announced Apr 9, 2025; effective Aug 7, 2025 (after postponements)) | 30% | — | — |
| Laos | Country-specific tariff – Implemented (announced Apr 9, 2025; effective Aug 7, 2025 (after postponements)) | 48% | — | — |
| Lesotho | Country-specific tariff – Implemented (announced Apr 9, 2025; effective Aug 7, 2025 (after postponements)) | 50% | — | — |
| Switzerland | Country-specific tariff – Implemented (announced Apr 9, 2025; effective Aug 7, 2025 (after postponements)) | 39% | — | — |
| Pharmaceuticals (Branded / Patented) | Section 232 – Implemented (effective Oct 1, 2025) | 100% | Exemptions for companies 'breaking ground' or 'under construction' on US manufacturing plants. | — |
| Kitchen Cabinets / Bathroom Vanities | Section 232 – Implemented (effective Oct 1, 2025) | 50% | — | — |
| Upholstered Furniture | Section 232 – Implemented (effective Oct 1, 2025) | 30% | — | — |
| Heavy Trucks | Section 232 – Implemented. Effective Date: Nov 1, 2025. | 25% on medium- and heavy-duty trucks and key truck parts; 10% on buses. | Finalized by Presidential Proclamation issued Oct 17–18, 2025. Justification is national security and freight/mobility resilience. Imports from Canada and Mexico that qualify under USMCA may receive preferential treatment, and U.S.-assembled trucks/engines get a tariff offset/credit (~3.75% of vehicle value) through Oct 31, 2030. This is the first time Section 232 has been applied to an entire heavy vehicle class, not just metals or passenger autos. | — |
| Softwood Lumber | Section 232 – Implemented (effective Sept 29, 2025) | 10% | — | — |
| Pharmaceuticals / Furniture / Cabinets / Certain Other Finished Goods | Section 232 – Implemented Oct 1, 2025. | Up to 100% | Some categories (for example, branded/patented pharmaceuticals that have not yet localized U.S. production) face a 100% tariff, but companies “breaking ground” or “under construction” on U.S. manufacturing can qualify for case-by-case relief. Similar elevated rates (30%–50%) apply to items like upholstered furniture and kitchen/bath cabinetry. These measures are framed as national-security supply-chain localization, not just traditional antidumping protection. | — |
Legal Note: Tariffs imposed under Section 232 (steel, aluminum, copper, trucks/buses, etc.) are grounded in “national security” determinations under the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 and are not affected by the current IEEPA court challenges. By contrast, the broad “reciprocal,” “baseline,” and “transshipment” tariffs imposed via IEEPA emergency proclamations are under direct Supreme Court review right now. Congress has also introduced oversight bills (for example, the bipartisan Trade Review Act of 2025) to limit unilateral tariff powers going forward.
The year opened with sweeping executive orders invoking IEEPA to impose 25% tariffs on Mexico and Canada and 10% on China. These moves immediately tested USMCA commitments and sparked legal challenges arguing that the President cannot use emergency powers to unilaterally reset tariff schedules at this scale. Those same challenges are now before the Supreme Court.
On March 4, the administration increased tariffs on fentanyl-related imports from China to 20%, citing national security and public health grounds. Just days later, on March 12, tariffs on steel and aluminum were reinstated at 25% under Section 232, disrupting key supply chains in construction and automotive manufacturing.
April 2 marked “Liberation Day,” when the U.S. introduced a 10% baseline reciprocal tariff. By April 9, the policy had evolved into a country-specific structure, with higher rates for China (34%) and India (27%). At the same time, the administration eliminated the de minimis exemption for China and Hong Kong, targeting low-value e-commerce shipments. The United States suspended de minimis for all countries effective aug 29, 2025; foreign posts/carriers then changed their services.
Facing political and industry pushback, the administration reached a temporary tariff truce framework with China. The tariff on Chinese goods was reduced to 30% in this framework, and the effective date for the higher 34% country-specific tariff was ultimately delayed until November 10, 2025. This was a result of recent negotiations in Madrid, where the U.S. and China agreed to a framework to de-escalate tensions by temporarily lowering tariffs. Under this agreement, the U.S. will lower tariffs on Chinese goods to 30%, while China will lower its tariffs on U.S. goods to 10%.
On June 4, tariffs on steel and aluminum doubled to 50%. By June 23, the scope was broadened to include downstream products such as appliances and machinery. This expansion marked one of the most significant cost shocks of the year, affecting industries from heavy manufacturing to consumer goods.
On July 8, the administration announced a 50% tariff on copper imports, effective August 1. Copper’s role in electronics and renewable energy raised alarm among clean energy advocates. Later that month, on August 29, the global de minimis exemption was eliminated, reshaping the economics of e-commerce and small parcel shipping worldwide.
On October 10, The Administration announced plans for an additional 100% tariff on essentially all Chinese imports starting Nov 1, 2025 (or sooner), and signaled new export controls on “any and all critical U.S.-made software.” This was framed as retaliation for China’s rare earth export controls and broader industrial policy. USTR also moved ahead with 100% tariffs on China-linked ship-to-shore cranes, intermodal chassis, and certain port-handling gear under Section 301, with effective dates in early November 2025.
Oct 17–20, 2025 – The White House issued a Section 232 Proclamation imposing a 25% tariff on medium- and heavy-duty trucks and core truck parts, and a 10% tariff on buses, effective Nov 1, 2025. The order also created a tariff-credit/offset to encourage U.S. truck and engine assembly through Oct 31, 2030, and outlined special treatment for qualifying USMCA-origin components.
Oct 28, 2025 – The U.S. Senate voted 52–48 to rescind the Administration’s 40–50% Brazil tariffs (on products like beef, coffee, and orange juice), marking a rare bipartisan challenge to the President’s emergency tariff authority. The House, however, is unlikely to take up that resolution, and the White House has vowed to veto any rollback, so the Brazil tariffs remain in force as of Oct 29, 2025.
From 25% to 50% within months; EU proposal/plan to lift out-of-quota duties to 50% (announced oct 7, 2025); not fully implemented yet.
A blanket 25% tariff on autos and auto parts disrupted global supply chains. While exemptions under the USMCA shielded some North American producers, European and Asian exporters were heavily affected.
The copper tariff raised costs across industries tied to electrification and the green transition. For renewable energy and EV sectors, the 50% duty has slowed investment and raised long-term concerns about U.S. competitiveness.
The removal of de minimis fundamentally altered international e-commerce. Small parcels, once exempt from duties, now face full customs clearance. This has increased costs, delayed shipments, and forced platforms to rethink their cross-border models.
In August 2025, a federal court ruled that reciprocal and fentanyl tariffs exceeded presidential authority under IEEPA. A stay was issued pending appeal on August 29, 2025, allowing the tariffs to remain in effect but injecting uncertainty into the regulatory environment.
On October 10, 2025, the Administration announced a 100% tariff on Chinese imports. Until an Executive Order, USTR determination, or Federal Register notice specifies scope and start date, treat this as policy direction rather than in-force law. USTR did, however, implement 100% duties on specified ship-to-shore cranes the same day.
The 2025 tariff landscape is no longer just a pricing or sourcing issue — it’s constitutional, political, and operational.
Note: The broad “reciprocal,” “baseline,” and “transshipment” tariffs (including the 10% universal baseline and many country-specific surcharges) were found unlawful by lower courts on Aug 29, 2025, on the grounds that IEEPA does not give the President unlimited tariff power. Those rulings are stayed while the Supreme Court hears the consolidated cases (Learning Resources v. Trump / Trump v. V.O.S. Selections, Inc.) in the first week of November 2025. Until the Supreme Court rules, those tariffs remain technically enforceable — but they are on borrowed time.
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